[Gluten] Microbiome and Gluten

 Key Messages

• Celiac disease (CD) is associated with intestinal dysbiosis characterized by increases in the abundance of pathobionts and their virulence features.
• Infections and expansion of intestinal pathobionts could theoretically activate inflammatory pathways that precipitate the breakdown of gluten tolerance or aggravate CD pathogenesis.

• Cytokines and pathways contributing to CD pathogenesis can also be induced by viral and bacterial infections or intestinal pathobionts that could theoretically amplify the response to gluten in predisposed individuals